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Pan Am Flight 121
Lockheed L-049 Constellation in Trans World Airlines livery, similar to the crash aircraft.
Accident
DateJune 19, 1947
SummaryEngine fire
SiteSyrian Desert, 4 miles (6.4 km) from Mayadin, Syria
Aircraft
Aircraft typeLockheed L-049 Constellation
Aircraft nameClipper Eclipse
OperatorPan American World Airways
RegistrationNC88845
Flight originJinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan
DestinationIstanbul, Turkey
Passengers26
Crew10
Fatalities15
Survivors21

Pan Am Flight 121 was a scheduled Pan American World Airways flight from Karachi to Istanbul. On the evening of June 18, 1947, the Lockheed L-049 Constellation serving the flight, known as the Clipper Eclipse (previously Clipper Dublin), suffered an engine failure which led to the overheating of the remaining engines until one caught fire, which spread to the aircraft. When an engine fell from the aircraft, it was unable to maintain altitude, resulting in a crash in the Syrian desert 4 miles (6.4 km) from the town of Mayadin in the early morning of June 19, 1947 and the death of fifteen people. Three of its crew survived the crash; third officer Gene Roddenberry (who went on to create the original Star Trek television series), chief purser Anthony Volpe and stewardess Jane Bray. After rescuing passengers from the burning wreckage, Roddenberry took control as the ranking flight officer and organised scout parties to find aid. By midday, the Syrian Army took the survivors to the hospital at Deir ez-Zor, and the majority returned to the United States quickly while Roddenberry remained in Syria for two weeks to answer questions about the crash from the local government.

  • 1Flight history
  • 2Passengers and Crew
    • 2.1Crew
    • 2.2Passengers

Flight history[edit]

Prior to the fatal flight, the Lockheed L-049 Constellation known as the Clipper Eclipse had suffered engine problems during a flight earlier that week. This had required it to turn back near Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador on the outbound leg of the journey, and delayed it for two days.[1] A cylinder was replaced in the number 2 engine, as a failure in the top piston ring was found.[2] A further problem was found in that engine later in the week while in Rome. Captain Joseph Hart, Jr., 42, and chief purser Anthony Volpe were walking under the wing when Volpe spotted what he thought was oil dripping from the engine. It turned out to be hydraulic fluid and required a replacement pump to be installed.[3][4]

Captain Hart's flight crew included first officer Robert McCoy, 25, from Maugansville, Maryland,[5] and third officer Gene Roddenberry, also 25, of River Edge, New Jersey.[1] Roddenberry had no role on the plane to perform, as he was 'deadheading' – riding as a passenger on the flight without any set duties.[3] There were a total of 36 passengers and crew on the plane.[1]

The plane departed Karachi at 3:37pm on a flight to Istanbul.[3] This was the first leg of the return leg of the journey back to New York.[6] The flight was expected to take ten and a half hours, and fly at a cruising altitude of 18,500 feet (5,600 m).[7] Five hours into the flight, Roddenberry took over from Hart at the wheel to give the Captain a break. While Hart was out of the cockpit, the number one engine developed a fault with the exhaust rocker arm, and so Roddenberry took the engine offline.[3]

Hart returned to the cockpit and evaluated the situation. Knowing that the plane could fly on three engines, and that the local airstrips would not be able to make immediate repairs, he decided to continue on to Istanbul. The remaining engines could not take the load and began to overheat. Hart descended the plane in an attempt to cool them, also reducing the power in order to keep them going. At 10pm, he ordered radioman Nelson Miles to advise local fields of their position, which was recorded as being at 14,000 feet (4,300 m), and 50 miles (80 km) east of Baghdad, Iraq. The Royal Air Force field at Habbaniya suggested that the Eclipse should land there, but Hart was worried once again about repair facilities and decided to press on. A cockpit alarm activated at around 11:30pm, indicating that the number 2 engine had caught fire.[8]

Fire suppressant measures failed to put out the fire, and the engine quickly became so hot that the magnesium components began to burn. Hart sent Roddenberry out into the passenger compartment to ready them for a crash landing, knowing that the engine would quickly fall from the plane causing the plane to become un-airworthy. Hart wanted to take the plane to the airstrip at Deir ez-Zor, Syria, but it became apparent that he did not have sufficient time to make it there. So he began to take the plane down, and ordered Miles to radio a distress message.[8] Roddenberry reassured the passengers that everything was under control; he ordered stewardess Jane Bray to stay in her seat while he and Volpe reiterated the crash procedures to the passengers. Volpe sat next to Bray near the front of the plane, while Roddenberry sat three rows from the rear.[9]

The fire spread to the wing and shortly afterwards, the engine separated from the plane. This ruptured the gasoline lines, feeding the fire. As the plane was coming down, a passenger screamed loudly and Roddenberry moved to comfort her; seconds later the plane struck the ground. Roddenberry suffered two broken ribs, not having been strapped down.[10] The aircraft crashed near Mayadin and the Euphrates river at around 3:30am local time.[1][6][11]

The pilot's attempt to bring the plane down safely in the desert was later praised by Captain Michael Graham, one of the surviving passengers. Graham said that the landing would have been successful had an engine on the port wing not dug into the ground, dragging the plane in that direction in a ground loop and breaking it in two.[12] There were 15 people killed in the crash, 8 passengers and 7 crew members.[6] Other survivors among the passengers included Nimbalkar Rajkumar, an Indian prince, and his mother, the Maharani of Phaltan. The impact killed the crew in the cockpit, and ripped the sides of the fuselage away from the plane. This enabled some of the passengers to jump directly from the burning plane to the ground.[13]

Roddenberry, Volpe and Bray began evacuating the injured from the burning plane. Roddenberry and Volpe dragged the injured passengers out of the plane, and handed them over to the uninjured passengers who took them further away. The Maharani's seatbelt would not release until Roddenberry forced it open and helped her to safety. He continued to help passengers, and attempted to put out fires with a pillow as they spread through the passenger cabin. Soon the fire had spread so much that he and Volpe could not make any further trips into the aircraft for survivors. They went to the cockpit, which had partly broken from the rest of the plane and pounded on the windows until they were driven back by the spreading fire, trying to rouse the other crewmen who appeared slumped at the controls.[14] 'The last passenger he pulled out died in his arms.'[15]

Search and recovery[edit]

Gene Roddenberry (photographed in 1961) was the ranking flight officer following the crash.

Roddenberry and Volpe gathered what equipment they could from the burning wreckage, including several first aid kits, a number of the passengers' coats and an inflatable life raft. As the only surviving flight officer, Roddenberry took command of the situation,[16] but did so without knowing if the plane's position had been radioed to authorities.[17] First aid was conducted,[16] and after sunrise, the raft was inflated and propped up to provide shade and shelter. Shortly afterwards, a number of desert tribesmen approached the survivors. Roddenberry approached them,[17] and later stated he had influenced them to the extent that they only robbed the dead and spared the survivors.[18]

Spotting telegraph poles and wires in the distance, Roddenberry sent two teams of two men each to follow the wires in both directions and report back once they saw something. After they departed, local townsmen arrived at the crash site. They too stole from the wreckage, and also from the survivors, and after a short while, only their clothing remained. A team reported back that they had found the town of Mayadin, and Roddenberry made the 4 miles (6.4 km) desert trek into the town, where he found a telephone and reported in to the airstrip at Deir ez-Zor at around 8am. Syrian Army planes and ground troops were dispatched to recover the survivors.[18] The first public reports of the crash came from a message sent to Pan Am's office in Damascus, which explained that three surviving crew members were Roddenberry, Volpe and Bray.[1] Initial reports had confused the Clipper Eclipse with the Clipper America, which at the time was conducting Pan-Am's inaugural around-the-world flight.[1] The crash was the fourth in 22 days for a major United States carrier; a total of 161 people had died in that span.[19]

By midday, the survivors had been transported by the Syrian Army to the Presbyterian mission hospital at Deir ez-Zor. The most seriously injured of them were transported by plane to Beirut, alongside Volpe and Bray. Roddenberry and the uninjured passengers were flown to Damascus.[20] Several survivors of the Eclipse arrived in the United States on June 23, at La Guardia Airport, New York City, including Bray and Volpe.[21] Roddenberry was delayed in Syria, as the government wanted him to aid their investigation into the crash.[22] Following two weeks of questioning, he departed for the United States.[23]

Later in July, Roddenberry, Volpe and Bray were questioned at the Civil Aeronautics Board at the Lexington Hotel in New York City. Robert W. Crisp, who was presiding over the investigation, entered into the record a commendation for all three. Volpe and Bray received further commendations from the Transport Workers Union of America, and one from Roddenberry who wrote of their heroism to the Pan Am flight service department.[24] In February 1948, the official report placed the blame for the crash on Pan Am for failing to replace the number two engine entirely when it developed repeated failures.[25] Roddenberry would resign from Pan-Am following another flight incident;[26] after that, he became a television writer and producer, ultimately creating the Star Trek franchise.[27]

Passengers and Crew[edit]

Crew[edit]

Only three of the ten crew members survived the crash, seven perishing in the crash.

Survivors[edit]

  • Third Officer Eugene W. Roddenberry, then 25 years old
  • Purser Anthony Volpe
  • Stewardess Jane Bray, then 28 years old

Died in crash[edit]

  • Captain Joseph Hall Hart, Jr. (April 10, 1905-June 19, 1947) 'noted for setting a world record in January of 1945, when he completed 12 trips across the South Atlantic in 13 days and 15 hours'[28]
  • First Officer Robert Stanley McCoy, 25 years old
  • Second Officer & Navigator Howard Thompson
  • First Engineer Robert B Donnelly
  • Second Engineer W. E. Morris
  • First Radio Officer Nelson C. Miles
  • Second Radio Officer Arthur O. Nelson

Passengers[edit]

Eighteen of the twenty-six passengers survived, eight perishing in the accident.

Survivors[edit]

  • Captain Michael Graham
  • Nimbalkar Rajkumar, Indian prince
  • Maharani of Phaltan, mother of Nimbalkar Rajkumar, lost teeth and sustained head injuries, had difficulty removing her seatbelt
  • Dr Ghulam Nabi Bajwa, Pakistani doctor accompanying friend for surgery in Istanbul.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ abcdef'Fifteen Killed in Crash of Pan-Am Plane in Syria' (The Emporia Gazette). June 19, 1947. p. 8. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^Alexander 1995, p. 81.
  3. ^ abcdAlexander 1995, p. 82.
  4. ^'Pan-Am Clipper Crashes, 15 Die'. The News-Palladium. June 19, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^'Fear County Pilot Killed'. The Daily Mail. Hagerstown, Maryland. June 19, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ abc'15 Perish in Constellation Crash in Syria'. Alton Evening Telegraph. June 19, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^Freeze, Christopher. 'Clipper Eclipse'. Check-Six.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  8. ^ abAlexander 1995, p. 84.
  9. ^Alexander 1995, p. 85.
  10. ^Alexander 1995, p. 86.
  11. ^http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1947/1947-42.htm Date: June 19, 1947 Time: 23:40
  12. ^'Pilot in Clipper Crash is Praised'. Albuquerque Journal. June 22, 1947. p. 2. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  13. ^Greenwald, Edwin B. (June 21, 1947). 'Waiting for Plane Crash'. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 1. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^Alexander 1995, p. 87.
  15. ^https://www.snopes.com/roddenberry-plane-crash/ 'The last passenger he pulled out died in his arms.'
  16. ^ abAlexander 1995, p. 88.
  17. ^ abAlexander 1995, p. 89.
  18. ^ abAlexander 1995, p. 90.
  19. ^'15 Die as Pan-Am Clipper Crashes in Desolate Syria'. Abilene Reporter-News. June 20, 1947. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^Alexander 1995, p. 91.
  21. ^'Syria Crash Survivors Welcomed'. The Decatur Herald. June 24, 1947. p. 22. Retrieved June 26, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^Alexander 1995, p. 93.
  23. ^Alexander 1995, p. 94.
  24. ^Alexander 1995, p. 95.
  25. ^Alexander 1995, p. 96.
  26. ^Alexander 1995, p. 103.
  27. ^Alexander 1995, p. 206.
  28. ^http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/ClipperEclipse-NC88845.htm

References[edit]

  • Alexander, David (1995). Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry. New York: Roc. ISBN0-451-45440-5.

Plane Plotter 6 4 3 3 Cracked Ribs

Packet tracer 6 4 3 3 answers
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am_Flight_121&oldid=906439353'
(Redirected from Ribs)
Rib cage
The human rib cage. (Source: Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed. 1918.)
Projection on the rib cage of the heart, lungs and diaphragm. The shaded areas indicate the extent of the pleural cavities not filled by the lungs.
Details
Identifiers
Latincavea thoracis
MeSHD000070602
TAA02.3.04.001
FMA7480
Anatomical terminology

The rib cage is the arrangement of ribs attached to the vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, that encloses and protects the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs, the sternum and xiphoid process, the costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.

The rib cage has a major function in the respiratory system.

  • 1Structure
    • 1.3Bones

Structure[edit]

Human rib cage -CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right)).

Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. All ribs are attached behind to the thoracic vertebrae and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called true ribs, whereas those that connect indirectly via cartilage are termed false ribs. Floating ribs (eleven and twelve) are not attached to the sternum at all.

Attachment[edit]

true / fixed ribs
false and floating ribs

The terms true ribs and false ribs describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. The first seven rib pairs known as the fixed or vertebrosternal ribs are the true ribs (Latin: costae verae) as they connect directly to the sternum; the next five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the false ribs (Latin: costae spuriae), or vertebrochondral ribs as they connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.[1][2] Their elasticity allows rib cage movement for respiratory activity.

The phrase floating rib (Latin: costae fluctuantes) refers to the two lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.[3]

The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, and neurovascular bundles containing nerves, arteries, and veins.[4]

Parts of rib[edit]

The parts of the rib.

Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they attach to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The head of the rib is the end part closest to the vertebra with which it articulates. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the inferior costal facet on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the superior costal facet on the vertebra with the same number. The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the transverse costal facet with the tubercle of the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the intra-articular ligament.[5]

The neck of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a rough crest (crista colli costae) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its lower border is rounded.

On the posterior surface at the neck, is an eminence—the tubercle that consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion is the lower and more medial of the two and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the transverse costal facet on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.

The angle of a rib (costal angle) may both refer to the bending part of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the iliocostalis muscle. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.

The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the longissimus dorsi muscle.

Bones[edit]

Ribs and vertebrae[edit]

The first rib (the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward.

  • First rib seen from above.

  • Costal groove position on a central rib.

The head is small and rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the transverse costal facet on the transverse process of T1. There is no angle, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the anterior scalene; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the medial scalene. The under surface is smooth and without a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.

The second rib is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans, the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the costal cartilage anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the vertebral column by the second thoracic vertebra. The second rib is much longer than the first rib, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the posterior scalene. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It protects the intercostal space containing the intercostal veins, intercostal arteries, and intercostal nerves.[6][4]

The ninth rib has a frontal part at the same level as the first lumbar vertebra. This level is called the transpyloric plane, since the pylorus is also at this level.[7]

The tenth rib attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this direct attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.[3]

The four floating ribs indicated

The eleventh and twelfth ribs, the floating ribs, have a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward.[citation needed]

Sternum[edit]

The sternum is a long, flat bone that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the true ribs) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.[8]

The transversus thoracis muscle is innervated by one of the intercostal nerves and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.[9]

Development[edit]

Expansion of the rib cage in males is caused by the effects of testosterone during puberty.[10] Thus, males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen.

A C7 rib on the right

Variation[edit]

Variations in the number of ribs occur. About 1 in 200-500 people have an additional cervical rib, and there is a female predominance.[11] Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare.[12] The rib remnant of the 7th cervical vertebra on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (brachial plexus) going to the arm.

In several ethnic groups, most significantly the Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a floating rib, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.[3]

Function[edit]

The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a movement known as the 'pump handle movement'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the 'bucket handle movement' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.

The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out.

Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the 'pump handle.' The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert and produce what is known as the bucket handle movement, facilitated by gliding at the costovertebral joints. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill.

The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.[13]

Clinical significance[edit]

Rib fractures are the most common injury to the rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a flail chest which is a life-threatening condition.

A dislocated rib can be painful and can be caused simply by coughing, or for example by trauma or lifting heavy weights.[14]

One or more costal cartilages can become inflamed – a condition known as costochondritis; the resulting pain is similar to that of a heart attack.

Abnormalities of the rib cage include pectus excavatum ('sunken chest') and pectus carinatum ('pigeon chest'). A bifid rib is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a congenital defect affecting about 1.2% of the population. It is often without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other problems can arise.

Rib removal is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.

Society and culture[edit]

Their position can be permanently altered by a form of body modification called tightlacing, which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs.

The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in forensic pathology, due to their progressive ossification.[15]

History[edit]

The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted by the FlemishanatomistVesalius in his key work of anatomy De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's.[16]

6 4 3 3 Connect A Router To A Lan

Other animals[edit]

Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of California Museum of Paleontology

In herpetology, costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of salamanders. The grooves run between the axilla to the groin. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.[17][18]

Birds and reptiles have bony uncinate processes on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib.[19] These serve to attach sacral muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration. Crocodiles have cartilaginous uncinate processes.

Additional images[edit]

  • Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.

  • X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled.

  • 3D model of rib cage

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ^'The Thoracic Cage · Anatomy and Physiology'. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  2. ^Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 230. ISBN9780226870137. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  3. ^ abcSaladin, Kenneth (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 485. ISBN978-0-07-352569-3.
  4. ^ abSmith, Sarah. 'Intercostal spaces | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org'. radiopaedia.org.
  5. ^http://www.teachmeanatomy.com/osteology-of-the-thorax/[permanent dead link]
  6. ^Moore, Dalley & Agur. 2009. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6th Edition. 90 Pp. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, ISBN0-7817-7525-6, ISBN978-0-7817-7525-0
  7. ^Bålens ytanatomi (surface anatomy). Godfried Roomans, Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir. Institution for Anatomy, Uppsala. 2008.
  8. ^Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN978-0-7817-7055-2.
  9. ^Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 21. ISBN978-0-7817-7055-2.
  10. ^Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics.'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2013-12-31.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^Kurihara Y; Yakushiji YK; Matsumoto J; Ishikawa T; Hirata K (Jan–Feb 1999). 'The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations'(PDF). RadioGraphics. Radiological Society of North America. 19 (1): 105–119. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105. ISSN1527-1323. PMID9925395. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  12. ^Kamano H; Ishihama T; Ishihama H; Kubota Y; Tanaka T; Satoh K (June 1, 2006). 'Bifid intrathoracic rib: a case report and classification of intrathoracic ribs'(PDF). Internal Medicine. The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. 45 (9): 627–630. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1502. PMID16755094. Retrieved August 13, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^Respiratory system examinationArchived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine citing: Health & Physical Assessment, Mosby-Year Book, inc. School of Nursing, Peking University, 2003
  14. ^'Anatomy of the Human ribs - Dislocated Rib'. Dislocated Rib. 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016.
  15. ^Franklin, D (Jan 2010). 'Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions'. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 12 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.09.001. PMID19853490.
  16. ^'Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax'. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  17. ^Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York, New York, ISBN0-8018-4780-X, 9780801847806
  18. ^J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. 587 Pp. Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN1-56098-828-2, ISBN978-1-56098-828-1
  19. ^Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN0-697-21991-7.
Plane Plotter 6 4 3 3 Cracked Ribs

6-4-3dp

References[edit]

  • Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64
  • Principles of Anatomy Physiology, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. ISBN0-471-68934-3
  • De Humani Corporis Fabrica: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human anatomy.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rib cage.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human_anatomy, ribs.
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